(Inggris:Swine influenza) Flu babi

Flu babi (Inggris:Swine influenza) adalah kasus-kasus influensa yang disebabkan oleh virus Orthomyxoviridae yang endemik pada populasi babi. Galur virus flu babi yang telah diisolasi sampai saat ini telah digolongkan sebagai Influenzavirus C atau subtipe genus Influenzavirus A[1]


Babi dapat menampung virus flu yang berasal dari manusia maupun burung, memungkinkan virus tersebut bertukar gen dan menciptakan galur pandemik.
Flu babi menginfeksi manusia tiap tahun dan biasanya ditemukan pada orang-orang yang bersentuhan dengan babi, meskipun ditemukan juga kasus-kasus penularan dari manusia ke manusia.[2] Gejala virus termasuk demam, disorientasi, kekakuan pada sendi, muntah-muntah, dan kehilangan kesadaran yang berakhir pada kematian[3] Flu babi diketahui disebabkan oleh virus influenza A subtipe H1N1[4] H1N2,[4] H3N1,[5] H3N2,[4] and H2N3.[6]
Di Amerika Serikat, hanya subtipe H1N1 lazim ditemukan di populasi babi sebelum tahun 1998. Namun sejak akhir Agusuts 1998, subtipe H3N2 telah diisolasi juga dari babi.
Asal mula
Pada 5 Februari 1976, tentara di Fort Dix, Amerika Serikat menyatakan dirinya kelelahan dan lemah, kemudian meninggal dunia keesokannya. Dokter menyatakan kematiannya itu disebabkan oleh virus ini sebagaimana yang terjadi pada tahun 1918. Presiden kala itu, Gerald Ford, diminta untuk mengarahkan rakyatnya disuntik dengan vaksin, namun rencana itu dibatalkan.Pada 20 Agustus 2007, virus ini menjangkiti seorang warga di pulau Luzon, Filipina.
[7] Flu babi (swine flu) merupakan penyakit saluran pernafasan yang disebabkan oleh virus influenza. Penyakit ini sebenarnya jamak menyerang ternak babi, namun kini telah mengalami perubahan yang drastis dan mampu untuk menginfeksi manusia. Gejala yang timbul pada manusia pun mirip dengan apa yang terjadi pada babi.
Flu babi pertama kali diisolasi dari seekor babi yang terinfeksi pada tahun 1930 di Amerika Serikat. Pada perkembangannya, penyakit ini dapat berpindah ke manusia terutama menyerang mereka yang kontak dekat dengan babi. Lama tidak terdengar lagi kabarnya ternyata virus ini mengalami serangkaian mutasi sehingga muncul varian baru yang pertama kali menyerang manusia di Meksiko pada awal tahun 2009. Varian baru ini dikenal dengan nama virus H1N1 yang merupakan singkatan dari dua antigen utama virus yaitu hemagglutinin tipe 1 dan neuraminidase tipe 1.

Tanda dan gejala


Gejala utama virus flu babi pada manusia.
[8] Gejala utama flu babi mirip dengan gejala influenza pada umumnya seperti : demam, batuk, pilek, letih dan sakit kepala. Beberapa pasien dapat mengalami mual, muntah dan diare.
Penyakit ini dapat jatuh ke arah yang lebih buruk sehingga pasien mengalami kesulitan untuk bernafas dan memerlukan alat bantu nafas (ventilator). Bila ada bakteri yang ikut ikutan menginfeksi paru paru maka pasien dapat mengalami radang paru paru atau pneumonia. Beberapa diantaranya dapat mengalami gejala kejang kejang. Kematian umumnya terjadi karena adanya infeksi sekunder bakteri pada paru paru sehingga diperlukan antibiotika yang pas untuk mengatasi infeksi tersebut.
Menurut Pusat Pengawasan dan Pencegahan Penyakit di Amerika Serikat, gejalan influensa ini mirip dengan influensa. Gejalanya seperti demam, batuk, sakit pada kerongkongan, sakit pada tubuh, kepala, panas dingin, dan lemah lesu. Beberapa penderita juga melaporkan buang air besar dan muntah-muntah.[9]
Dalam mendiagnosa penyakit ini tidak hanya perlu melihat pada tanda atau gejala khusus, tetapi juga catatan terbaru mengenai pasien. Sebagai contoh, selama wabah flu babi 2009 di AS, CDC menganjurkan para dokter untuk melihat "apakah jangkitan flu babi pada pasien yang di diagnosa memiliki penyakit pernapasan akut memiliki hubungan dengan orang yang di tetapkan menderita flu babi, atau berada di lima negara bagian AS yang melaporkan kasus flu babi atau berada di Meksiko dalam jangka waktu tujuh hari sebelum bermulanya penyakit mereka." [10] Diagnosa bagi penetapan virus ini memerlukan adanya uji makmal bagi contoh pernapasan.[10]
Pergantian nama
Penamaan jenis penyakit ini dianggap salah oleh berbagai kalangan, karena telah membuat salah tafsir masyarakat - bahwa babi dapat menularkan penyakit ini kepada manusia. Untuk itu, Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (WHO) telah mengganti nama penyakit ini dengan Influensa A (H1N1) mulai 30 April 2009 lalu.
CARA MENDIAGNOSA
Diagnosa flu babi ditegakan berdasarkan gejala klinis pasien dan riwayat kontak dengan mereka meraka yang memiliki gejala seperti diatas. Selanjutnya dilakukan pemeriksaan lendir atau dahak yang berasal dari tenggorokan pasien. Pemeriksaan ini gunanya untuk membedakan apakah virus yang menginfeksi penderita tersebut termasuk virus tipe A atau B. Bila ternyata hasilnya adalah virus tipe B maka dapat dipastikan bahwa pasien tersebut bukan terinfeksi flu babi. Namun bila ternyata hasilnya adalah virus tipe A maka ada kemungkinan penderita tersebut menderita flu babi atau terinfeksi virus H1N1. Sampel ini selanjutnya dikirim ke laboratorium yang lebih lengkap untuk memastikan adanya antigen virus flu babi sehingga diagnosa flu babi dapat ditegakan dengan pasti.

TINDAKAN PENGOBATAN
Meskipun telah lama ditemukan vaksin untuk mencegah penularan virus influenza, namun vaksin untuk virus flu babi (H1N1) sampai saat ini belum ada. Saat ini beberapa laboratorium pemerintah yang dibiayai oleh WHO sedang mengembangkan penelitian untuk menemukan vaksin virus flu babi.
Dua obat anti virus yang dipercaya mampu mencegah bertambah parahnya flu babi adalah zanamivir (Relenza) dan oseltamivir (Tamiflu). Penggunaan obat ini tidak boleh sembarangan karena ditakutkan akan terjadi resistensi virus terhadap kedua obat tersebut. Obat ini juga tidak direkomendasikan untuk gejala flu yang telah muncul lebih dari 48 jam. Pada keadaan yang berat, pasien mungkin membutuhkan penanganan intensif lebih lanjut di rumah sakit.
TINDAKAN PENCEGAHAN
Cara paling ampuh untuk mencegah penularan virus flu babi pada prinsipnya sama dengan cara mencegah penularan virus influenza yang lain yaitu vaksinasi. Sayangnya vaksin untuk flu babi sampai saat ini belum ditemukan.
Cara lain untuk mencegah penularan virus ini adalah dengan meminimalisir kontak dengan virus seperti mencuci tangan sesering mungkin, jangan menyentuh wajah anda terutama hidung dan mulut serta menghindari kontak dekat dengan orang yang sedang menderita flu.
Pencegahan penularan juga bisa dilakukan oleh mereka yang telah terinfeksi dengan cara : menghindari keramaian dan selalu tinggal di rumah. Jangan bekerja dan bersekolah dahulu sampai keadaan membaik. Hindari bersin, batuk dan berbicara terlalu dekat dengan orang lain.

Can I Give My Dog The Flu?

by: The Iconoclast

Everyone seems on edge about the latest outbreak of avian flu. People in China are told to kill their poultry in order to keep the virus from spreading. Meanwhile people in the United States watch on in fear that the avian flu will come to their shores. So what exactly is all the hubbub about? After all, every winter millions of people come down with bird flu.

Origin of Influenza

Influenza, the term, came into use around 1504, though it had little to do with the virus. It came from the word: influence. At the time, influence meant: “the ethereal power of the stars acting on men.” It was basically a supernatural way of explaining the effects of disease on people at the time. During a particularly nasty outbreak of the flu in Europe during 1743, the term was officially attached to the name of the disease. 96 years later, the term was shortened to just: flu.

The flu, itself, is a whole family of viruses called Orthomyxovirids. They are a diverse family that are commonly found in the guts of birds. The specific type of viruses that infect birds, are called type A flu. It was one of these type A’s that was believed to have infected people a long time ago. Thus giving us, the flu for the first time. Though the virus that initially infected man, has long since evolved into a variety of human specific strains, the initially origin appears to lay squarely among birds. As such, all human flu bugs could, technically, be called: avian flu.

Pathogens and specificity

Pathogens are viewed as being any living organism that is capable of causing a disease. It is a term that is generally reserved for bacteria, fungi and viruses. Pathogens are usually very specific in who, or what, they infect. This has a lot to do with the way in which they are constructed.

Both bacterial and viral outer structure, consist of a receptor binding proteins. These proteins give the pathogen a certain geometry. This geometry allows the pathogen to attach to complementary receptor sites on the cells of the critter that they are trying to infect. Because of the wide variety of life forms on the planet, each cell type has a different arrangement of receptors. Most of the time, the pathogen’s geometry will not fit these receptors, and the critter remains immune. Only those unlucky few species, whose cell receptors do fit, are the ones that have to suffer the infection.

Occasionally, though, a new pathogen comes along that has a geometry that is general enough to allow it to latch onto many different species. These are the pathogens that are often the more deadly.

Influenza is one of these general viruses. It is capable of infecting most bird species. It’s also very good at doing what all life forms do. It evolves. This has allowed it to cross multiple species barriers, and jump from birds, to people, to pigs, cows, and horses. Thus making influenza a very cosmopolitan virus family. This still doesn’t explain all the worry about this recent outbreak of avian flu though. For that, one must go back in time to 1918, and the Spanish flu.

It was the close of World War I, and the world appeared to be returning back to a more peaceful state. Then, in various parts of the globe, people started coming down with a particularly virulent form of the flu. This was a unique case though. Instead of the very young, and elderly dying, it was affecting young men and women instead. Usually these are the most immune to the effects of the flu. By the end of 1918, this form of the flu had killed ~50 million people. It was the largest pandemic (worldwide epidemic) in recorded history. So what happened?

Normally when one gets the flu, it is more of a hassle than anything else. This has a lot to do with the fact that the flu types we normally catch, are viruses that have infected us before. They have changed just enough so that they can infect us again, but they still remain recognizable to our immune system. As such, our bodies can keep the virus in check, and then eventually eliminate it. The 1918 flu, though, was different. It is now largely believed to have been a case where a new flu virus had hopped species. It went from birds to humans, possibly after circulating and hybridizing inside pigs (which can catch both bird and human versions of the flu). This new bug was completely alien to our immune systems and thus, took many completely by surprise.

This is what has many scared about this newest avian flu virus (dubbed: H5N1, for the specific proteins found on it). It has proven to be particularly virulent among birds, and the few cases of it infecting people have many worried that another pandemic is on the rise.

Zoonoses.

Influenza is a type of disease referred to a zoonosis. It means that it can be transmitted from one animal group, to another. Zoonotic diseases used to be further broken up into those that humans catch from other animals (anthropozoonoses) and ones that other animals catch from humans (zooanthroponoses). Unfortunately, both terms have been misused and confused so much, that neither is particularly favored anymore. Now they are all viewed as zoonotic diseases. In the end this makes the most sense, as human beings are animals anyway. To break things up any further, just seems excessive.

The flu is not the only zoonotic disease that humans get from other animals. Our primate cousins have given us quite a few different diseases including: malaria, hepatitis B, Dengue fever and lymphoma. Of course the most infamous of these zoonotic diseases would probably be HIV.

Though there are those that would like to believe that the Human Immunodeficiency Virus was a genetically engineered weapon that was released among the African populace (they give far too much credit to genetic engineers, who are proud enough to make yeast that can fluoresce), the simian origin of HIV is pretty well established. HIV has close ties to the simian version: SIV (Simian Immunodeficiency Virus). The big difference between the two, besides their first letters, is that SIV rarely kills the apes it infects. In fact, many apes are capable of carrying viral loads equivalent to those seen in humans with advanced AIDS, yet rarely show any signs of trouble. This suggests that the host and the pathogen have been doing this for a very long time, and the host’s body has found a way to handle the virus. Humans only recently acquired HIV. As such, our bodies have yet to “learn” how to deal with the threat that this virus poses. Which is one reason why HIV is so very virulent at the moment.

These are just some of the diseases that other animals have given to humans. But what of the reverse? What have we given our animal brethren?

Many of the “classic” diseases that most humans catch, are ones that we are capable of giving to our primate cousins. This includes the flu, measles, chicken pox and tuberculosis.

One particularly nasty disease that we are capable of transmitting is the infamous Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD). FMD rarely affects humans, but it does use us as a carrier for it. The disease can hang out in our nasal passages, throat, and on our clothing. It usually infects various forms of livestock (cattle, pigs, sheep, goats). Symptoms usually include fever and prominent sores on the feet and mouth (hence the name). Most infected animals do survive. Only ~5% die from the disease.

The second disease is far more pernicious, and the victims have us to blame. It is the coral disease referred to as: white pox. This disease can kill up to 10 square centimeters of coral a day (~120ft a year). Over the past decade over 90% of Caribbean reef coral (Acropora palmata), have died. The culprit behind it is the little human gut bacterium: Serratia marcescens. While humans can occasionally fall victim to this bacterium, it usually doesn’t infect us. Instead it lives in our guts and gets expelled in our feces. Improper sewage treatment has resulted in human excrement flowing out into the Caribbean, where the newly released bacterium has infected the local coral.

So remember; the next time you start to feel under the weather, don’t worry about coughing on your dog. Chances are, your canine pal probably won’t get it. Unless, of course, it is the flu.

Deer Hunters Are a Strange Species

by: Regenia G. Butcher

Before there were grocery stores and fast food restaurants, people hunted for food. Some still do. In fact, according to the results of the 2001 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service survey, there are estimated to be 10.9 million people who hunt big game.

Hunting seasons and limitations are occasionally regulated according to the current animal population number. This is, in part, to maintain a good balance between game, birds and smaller animals, and their available food.

Hunters do more than kill animals. They help the environment maintain the balance mentioned above. They also help wildlife conservation efforts with the license fees and taxes they pay. And, they aid law enforcement whenever possible by alerting them to suspicious activity they might happen to discover. For the past several years, many deer hunters across the country have donated their game to food banks and other groups as well. I do not agree with taking an animal's life simply for the 'sport of it'. But I do agree with hunting to provide food.

DEER HUNTERS ARE A STRANGE SPECIES INDEED!

You never have to wake a guy up during deer season - they never sleep! Can't blame them though, they've been planning since June about how they're going to get that sixty-four point buck this time out.

You've seen the excitement build as the season came closer. He's misplaced his car keys, forgotten to take out the trash, even forgotten to eat. But he knows exactly where his little orange cap is. He's thrown his everyday clothes all over the place. But his thermals and orange camouglage jacket are neatly folded in a corner, ready to go. He's even checked them a couple of times each day, and neatly refolded them to make sure they are ready.

A week before the hunting season opens, the average hunter will develop a continuously preoccupied twinkle in his eyes. Because of this, you can spot a guy with 'buck fever' anywhere. You can probably pick him out of a crowd of fifty thousand. He'll be the one with the apprehensive, anticipating glow. I've been told that a deer is color blind - obviously they're glow blind as well.

It's not always just the thrill of the hunt that gets the hunter out of bed and going over his supplies' checklist one more time before heading out into the great unknown. It's also what they can put on the supper table. Some of the hardiest appetites around belong to hunters. When I was growing up, our table was laid out with everything from squirrel pot-pie to breaded ground hog. Barbecued deer roast is as good as any cattle being herded anywhere. And, I've heard that muskrat is a delicacy in some top rated city restaurants. Of course muskrats are trapped rather than hunted. But hunter/trapper...they're basically the same breed.

A true deer hunter is more consistent and driven than the US Post Office. Neither rain, snow, wind, slush, mud, flu, or migraine will keep them from hitting the woods at daybreak and staying till near dark, or till they've gotten one - whichever comes first. If a deer is gotten the first day, the hunter can relax and live normally again. If not, there will be a few more obsession-filled days to get through.

The skill of hunting comes also with the privilege of talking about it. My dad once went hunting with a guy and swore he'd never step foot into the woods with him again. "Shot three times at a branch falling from a tree. Now you know a deer doesn't climb a tree and jump!"

And they all have their stories. Like the guy who - during early Spring - chose a wooded area, built a primitive stand, and planned to return in the Fall to hunt. A couple of days before deer season was to begin, he went back - gun and practice target in hand - only to find several condominiums where the woods had once stood. The tree with his stand remained however. It had become a treehouse in someone's back yard.

It is inevitable that talk of the upcoming hunt will somehow find it's way into every conversation the hunter utters for weeks. It has to...it's the only thing being thought about. I recall a few conversations with my hunter husband. Once I mentioned that I had gotten a lamp I'd been wanting for only twenty bucks. He began telling me about the two bucks that his friend, Hank, got two years in a row. "Close to 180 pounds...both of 'em," he informed me. Another time I wanted him to pick up some apples and oranges at the store. And he asked me if I thought he'd be wearing enough orange that year, or should he go buy something more. Then there was the time when I wanted a huge favor, but dreaded to ask hubby, so I addressed him with:

"Dear!" Of course, I should have known better, because immediately the twinkle in his eyes sparkled with even more shine and I knew it was no point in continuing a discussion until the word and the shine wore off.

So, if you have a hunter in your house who comes home near dark, on the last day, having been unsuccessful...get out some smelling saltz and revive him. But, of course he's been used to a week of sniffing deer urine on his lapel, so the saltz may not affect him at all at first. However, do keep trying. And remember to prepare him a hot bath and drip eye drops in each of his bloodshot eyes. Then, after he's 'out like a light' snoring, you may want to take a couple of whiffs of that smelling saltz yourself - when you realize that this whole thing will probably be repeating itself again in another twelve months or so.

When Your Dog Starts To Sneeze

by: Jack Russell

Indeed, there are many things that both the dogs and the dog owners could have in common. For example, both dogs and dog owners could be prone to obesity if not regulating food intake and by not exercising.

In addition, dogs and humans may also acquire diseases that results from improper dietary regimen like diabetes, heart diseases, etc.

Moreover, the most amusing thing that both dogs and humans share is the fact that they are both vulnerable to allergies.

Sounds impossible? Think again.

Veterinary experts assert that dogs have allergies too. One of the primary signs of allergies is the itching of their skin. Their respiratory tract system can also be affected with allergies.

Normally, dogs will manifest symptoms of respiratory tract allergies like sneezing, wheezing, and coughing. Their nose and their eyes may also manifest a discharge just like humans do whenever they have colds or flu.

There are also allergies that may have an effect on their digestive system; hence, it may result to watery stools, diarrhea, or vomiting.

Experts say that almost 20% of the dogs in the United States suffer from several types of allergy. So, for people who want to know more about the different allergies that dogs acquire, here is a list of the most common allergies:

1. Allergies with flea

It is a well-known fact that dogs are usually infected with fleas. However, what most people do not know is that they can get allergies through these fleas, too.

Well, it is not the fleas that actually cause the allergic reactions in dogs but the flea’s saliva. Hence, it is important for the dog to undergo a skin allergy examination so as to determine if a particular dog is sensitive to flea saliva.

In the event that the dog is allergic to flea saliva, it would be better for the owner to implement a rigorous flea control or flea eradication treatment in order to lessen the allergic reactions. Though, it must be kept in mind that solutions that are used in flea control should be safe to the dogs.

2. Allergies pertaining to foods

Like humans, dogs get allergies from food as well. There are instances wherein dogs get allergies from foods that their system cannot tolerate, such as wheat, soy products, pork, beef, whey, fish, eggs, milk, corn, artificial sweeteners, and chemical preservatives that are placed in their food.

Moreover, dogs can get allergies in food that they have not tried before. So, the best way to combat this particular allergy problem is to feed the dog with the commercial dog foods more often instead of homemade products.

Some signs of allergic reactions to food in dogs are shaking of the head, scratching the ears, irritated skin, biting and licking at the rear feet, inflammations in the ear, sneezing, behavioral changes, vomiting, diarrhea, etc.

3. Atopic Dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis is a known allergic skin disease in dogs. This usually caused by the hypersensitivity of the dog’s immune system to ordinary substances that can be found in the environment like molds or dust mites.

Usually, a dog is said to be suffering from atopic dermatitis when the dog begins to excessively lick and chew its paws, licking the abdomen and its rear feet.

Atopic dermatitis can be seen as a saliva staining found in the armpits, between the toes of the paws, and in the groin. In light-colored canines, atopic dermatitis can be seen as a red-brown stain found on the same parts that were mentioned.

4. Allergies resulting from bacteria

This is the most common cause of serious allergies in dogs. Generally, there are certain bacteria that thrive in the dog’s skin. This is known as the species of Staphylococcus bacteria. In most cases, this does not cause allergies in dogs. However, there are certain types of dogs that develop an allergy to it.

The most common symptom of this kind of allergy is hair loss along with the development of ringworm like marks in the dog’s skin. The areas where these marks appear usually get infected, hence, it is important to treat them with antibiotics.

Indeed, allergies are not for humans only. Allergies great affects almost 20% of the total population of dogs in the United States, and that is a pretty alarming number. Therefore, it is extremely important for dog owners to know these dog allergies so as to come up with some preventive measures at the first sign of the attack.